In the southern summer long, the frequency of use of automotive air conditioning may be less than the radio. But this seemingly simple automobile air-conditioning, a growing number of private car owners, but there is no shortage not in use, this sudden, the joke is also plenty of money. How efficient and safe use of science and automotive air conditioning, plenty of money actually learning.
1, how to deal with poor cooling effect
In most cases, there is no proper use is the biggest culprit.
▲ enhance the cooling efficiency within the loop
While not advocating long-term use of Dell Inspiron 600M Battery air conditioning within the circulation, but if you want to achieve the fastest and most efficient cooling, the inner loop must not be ignored.
Another role of the inner loop is to prevent dirty air from entering, if the car in the dusty roads, the inner loop can prevent dust from entering the vehicle.
▲ car exhaust heat
Windows closed, air-conditioning system efficient. However, if the car parked in the sun longer, the car hot, open air, it should open the windows, to be discharged after the closed hot air inside the car. This air-conditioning cooling rate will be greatly accelerated.
▲ selected speed gear
Normal vehicle operation, to prevent excessive frost evaporator affect the operation of air conditioning systems, Dell Vostro 1400 battery air conditioning and temperature control of air supply rate should not be placed in a long while the lowest. But when the speed below 25km / h, should switch to low speed gear, to avoid generating capacity shortage and inadequate air-conditioning.
▲ selected direction of the outlet
Best when the air conditioning cooling wind blowing up, because cold air will sink, the best choice for the wind blowing side gear gear. Adjust the air up the best, do not choose which hair block the block, because the windshield glass temperature is high, a large cooling effect will be offset.
2, how to maintain vehicle air conditioning
As the complexity of the work environment, as opposed to household Dell Vostro 1000 battery air conditioners, automobile air conditioning more "care."
▲ Check the compressor belt
If the belt pulley groove contact with the side surface and the light, and air conditioning when starting a "creak" noise, indicating a serious belt slippage, replace the belt and pulley; should be given if the belt is too loose to adjust, or easy to make bad refrigeration air conditioning system.
Check the air conditioning system hose connectors are traces of oil. Found leakage, repair at the time to solve.
▲ Clean condenser
When using air conditioning in the summer against the condenser with water to wash, because the car easy to clean the surface of the condenser heat dissipation to the outside world to go. Regularly clean the COMPAQ Presario CQ70 Battery condenser surface, the air conditioning system's cooling effect of greatly increased.
▲ Check the refrigerant liquid level
Observation using the dryer window, you can check the refrigerant liquid level. Glass peep-hole is usually installed in the lid above the dryer, run the engine and air conditioning systems, through the glass peep holes in the refrigerant flow. If the air conditioner is working properly, from the peep hole to see the clear frozen liquid flow in constantly, and occasionally carries some small high-temperature Shihai bubbles, turn off air conditioning systems in time to see the little bubbles.
▲ enough refrigerant
Entry through the HP EliteBook 8530P Battery pipeline and feels dryer temperature difference between the export pipeline to measure, or by manifold pressure gauge for testing.
Of course, these would need to rely on a repair shop.
3, how to deal with soft brake
Many drivers reflect the use of air conditioning when the vehicle braking performance will deteriorate, the situation in the low-end equipment carburetor engine and electronically controlled fuel injection engine vehicles in particular.
The reason is that the vehicle air conditioning when the engine load becomes large, in order to reduce the decline in vehicle dynamic performance, engine control systems are generally equipped with air speed enhancing devices. This device is a magnetic or vacuum suction through the package to open the throttle a little top angle to achieve. In braking, even if the HP Pavilion dv6 Battery driver release the throttle pedal, throttle back the intake manifold vacuum can not reach the normal degree, so it will affect the vehicle's braking effect, the situation in the smaller displacement engine performance of the more obvious. So, the summer heat, when you open the case to take air brake, you need to pedal even more force than usual.
4, how to prevent poisoning, air conditioning
Experts advise the use of air-conditioned car for a long time, will lead to carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide is the result of the engine at idle state, burning gasoline is not sufficient to produce large amounts of exhaust gas containing carbon monoxide. To prevent air leakage in air conditioning often opens the windows all closed, resulting in carbon monoxide can not be discharged, gradually gathered waste gas in the JVC BN-V114 Battery car, people will unknowingly carbon monoxide poisoning. Light nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, weight can cause mental confusion, bowel incontinence, limb paralysis, and even paralysis of the respiratory center, the heart stops beating and death. Around us have lost their lives in such a case.
It should be said to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning, in addition to regularly check the inside of the car seal is tight, the suspended if the vehicle, the still air-conditioning is not necessary to close all the windows, the car should pay attention to ventilation. Remind you that even in a moving vehicle, it should always open the window ventilation.
5, how to remove the air smell
Many people reflect their own vehicle air-conditioning is not enough wind, mingled with the dust smell, musty and other odors. Unclean air can cause the driver dizziness, nausea, or even suffer from respiratory diseases.
To solve this problem, disassembly, cleaning evaporator tank is the most thorough way, this method can eliminate the odor from the root, but every once demolished, would need to put fluoride, JVC BN-V306 Battery fluorine and a series of installation and processing procedures, and technical trouble high degree of difficulty, the owner is also a lot of money to pay the costs. There is a special new type of spray to remove odor air conditioning came into being. We just need to open air, the wind placed outside the circle, close the windows, put this spray product from the outside into the outlet, continuous spray 10-20 seconds, this product can be as air duct, attached to the container surface evaporation , by the function of the product itself, kill mold, further, to remove odors, purify the JVC BN-V408 Battery air inside the role.
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
Monday, November 28, 2011
Spare tire use and maintenance skills
Spare tire, do not lie when it is always there, only the critical moment was to come forward. Its "low key" Let us take care of it neglected. In fact, the emphasis on the proper use of the spare tire and spare tire on the car to improve the economy and security are very important.
General specifications of Dell Latitude D800 Battery spare tires with the same specifications as the original, but many economic models with a small-size spare tire, the spare tire diameter of less than 1 inch, the width is 135mm. A small spare tire can reduce vehicle weight, lower fuel consumption, cost savings, but also play a role in saving storage space inside the car can be said to serve multiple purposes. Some manufacturers color the spare tire to be painted orange alert, which is to prepare consumers to easily identify the main tires, spare tire to tell consumers to use as little as possible and as soon as possible replacement of the main tires, the vehicle is in motion to ensure the reliability and security.
Spare tire can not control the speed of long-term use and must not exceed 80km / h
Spare tire is not used in place of the main long-term use, because the spare tire of the main frequency of use compared to less friction with the ground is relatively small. Put on the spare tire, due to the friction coefficient of the four tires, tire pressure surface adhesion and different, Dell Inspiron 1501 battery prolonged use of the vehicle's braking system, steering system and suspension system to produce some adverse effects, to bring great traffic safety the risks, while also making the same to the other tires create friction uneven and so on.
After the spare tire put on the speed must be controlled, especially the small-size spare tire, its size, width, load rating and speed rating are not the same and normal tires, so after replacing the spare tire, tire repair to sail as soon as possible main tire repair place and immediately replace it over.
Inspected once a month for four years to replace a spare tire spare tire
Spare tire is idle long, long time, inevitably will be less than atmospheric pressure. Therefore, a spare tire should be checked every month to see if air pressure is large enough. But do not need to replace the spare tire, only to find insufficient air pressure. Acer Aspire 3610 battery Spare tire pressure and tire is not the same now, spare tire in the storage process in order to ensure the shape and use, the choice of the pressure and not the same as used tires, spare tire pressure is generally hit 2.8Bar (280kPa) is required to use check the air pressure should be adjusted again when normal use. Have to pay attention to check the spare tire when the valve core, you can use soapy water and pour over the top to check for leaks, if effervescent, then you have to replace the valve core.
I remember once, weekend outing with friends, go halfway, that child did not air, so get off for a spare tire. Open the trunk remove the spare tire, how such a light? Look closely, we are dumbfounded, a little pressure at all. Fortunately, accompanied by two cars are Jetta, only for another car of the. But the result is more surprising, actually no spare tire with, this man has the audacity to say: "open car ten years, and are run in the urban areas, Dell KM958 Battery spare tire with doing? Only create more weight!" had another car with no gas by the spare tire to continue to move forward, filling the place to find. Came to a tire shop, but not inflated, because the valve core is damaged, but fortunately only a small problem, for a new, red feet of gas, this can continue on the road, but it was so back and forth, hard, a waste of 2 more than an hour. It is recommended that you have to regularly check the spare tire, this time I considered good luck, you think, if you bike long distances, Nikon D90 Battery Grip encountered such a thing, it is in trouble.
In addition to pressure, spare tire had to pay attention to corrosion. The main components of tire rubber, and rubber fear most is the erosion of oil, tire touches the oil, inflation soon eclipse occurs, this will greatly reduce tire life, try not to put oil and prepare child together. If the tire has been stained with oil, to be timely and neutral detergent to wash off the oil.
Spare tire is rubber, stored too long will be the Dell W953G Battery aging phenomenon, we should be careful to check before use for damage or cracks. General aging of the tire period of 4 years, proposed at this time replaced with new spare tire.
Here also tell you a little experience: Nikon D90 Battery Grip after repair should be placed on non-driving wheel on the tire. Some tires were slashed after the repair, the repaired tire to try to replace the non-driving wheel, because driving wheel and non-wheel Redu different, more so the front tire, rear tire is relatively small, otherwise it will very dangerous.
Read these, I think we should create a sense of safety: that spare tire can not be used as normal, just a temporary replacement. And spare tire must be regularly checked to ensure good air pressure, etc., Dell XPS M1210 battery can not let the spare tire non-existent, or when a tire problem, they will let us do nothing, there must be "prepared", and can not suffer.
General specifications of Dell Latitude D800 Battery spare tires with the same specifications as the original, but many economic models with a small-size spare tire, the spare tire diameter of less than 1 inch, the width is 135mm. A small spare tire can reduce vehicle weight, lower fuel consumption, cost savings, but also play a role in saving storage space inside the car can be said to serve multiple purposes. Some manufacturers color the spare tire to be painted orange alert, which is to prepare consumers to easily identify the main tires, spare tire to tell consumers to use as little as possible and as soon as possible replacement of the main tires, the vehicle is in motion to ensure the reliability and security.
Spare tire can not control the speed of long-term use and must not exceed 80km / h
Spare tire is not used in place of the main long-term use, because the spare tire of the main frequency of use compared to less friction with the ground is relatively small. Put on the spare tire, due to the friction coefficient of the four tires, tire pressure surface adhesion and different, Dell Inspiron 1501 battery prolonged use of the vehicle's braking system, steering system and suspension system to produce some adverse effects, to bring great traffic safety the risks, while also making the same to the other tires create friction uneven and so on.
After the spare tire put on the speed must be controlled, especially the small-size spare tire, its size, width, load rating and speed rating are not the same and normal tires, so after replacing the spare tire, tire repair to sail as soon as possible main tire repair place and immediately replace it over.
Inspected once a month for four years to replace a spare tire spare tire
Spare tire is idle long, long time, inevitably will be less than atmospheric pressure. Therefore, a spare tire should be checked every month to see if air pressure is large enough. But do not need to replace the spare tire, only to find insufficient air pressure. Acer Aspire 3610 battery Spare tire pressure and tire is not the same now, spare tire in the storage process in order to ensure the shape and use, the choice of the pressure and not the same as used tires, spare tire pressure is generally hit 2.8Bar (280kPa) is required to use check the air pressure should be adjusted again when normal use. Have to pay attention to check the spare tire when the valve core, you can use soapy water and pour over the top to check for leaks, if effervescent, then you have to replace the valve core.
I remember once, weekend outing with friends, go halfway, that child did not air, so get off for a spare tire. Open the trunk remove the spare tire, how such a light? Look closely, we are dumbfounded, a little pressure at all. Fortunately, accompanied by two cars are Jetta, only for another car of the. But the result is more surprising, actually no spare tire with, this man has the audacity to say: "open car ten years, and are run in the urban areas, Dell KM958 Battery spare tire with doing? Only create more weight!" had another car with no gas by the spare tire to continue to move forward, filling the place to find. Came to a tire shop, but not inflated, because the valve core is damaged, but fortunately only a small problem, for a new, red feet of gas, this can continue on the road, but it was so back and forth, hard, a waste of 2 more than an hour. It is recommended that you have to regularly check the spare tire, this time I considered good luck, you think, if you bike long distances, Nikon D90 Battery Grip encountered such a thing, it is in trouble.
In addition to pressure, spare tire had to pay attention to corrosion. The main components of tire rubber, and rubber fear most is the erosion of oil, tire touches the oil, inflation soon eclipse occurs, this will greatly reduce tire life, try not to put oil and prepare child together. If the tire has been stained with oil, to be timely and neutral detergent to wash off the oil.
Spare tire is rubber, stored too long will be the Dell W953G Battery aging phenomenon, we should be careful to check before use for damage or cracks. General aging of the tire period of 4 years, proposed at this time replaced with new spare tire.
Here also tell you a little experience: Nikon D90 Battery Grip after repair should be placed on non-driving wheel on the tire. Some tires were slashed after the repair, the repaired tire to try to replace the non-driving wheel, because driving wheel and non-wheel Redu different, more so the front tire, rear tire is relatively small, otherwise it will very dangerous.
Read these, I think we should create a sense of safety: that spare tire can not be used as normal, just a temporary replacement. And spare tire must be regularly checked to ensure good air pressure, etc., Dell XPS M1210 battery can not let the spare tire non-existent, or when a tire problem, they will let us do nothing, there must be "prepared", and can not suffer.
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Lightning damage electronic equipment on the substation
Human society into the information age, all kinds of advanced electronic equipment due to extensive and widely used, its chances of being struck by lightning damage greatly increased. In particular substation electronic devices, attached to the subject in a range of lightning protection equipment, the effects of lightning probability greater. And the use of traditional lightning protection measures, the more protection there is improper and should pay attention to.
Lightning hazards in several ways
Ray's Watch and shielding
Thundercloud IBM Thinkpad T41 battery single floating over the earth, dragging its electric charge opposite the charge of surface wind move like a shadow. If the surface via the substation lightning rod or other protrusion, the protrusion to the top of the charge will lead to distortion of the electric field concentration. Lightning started the bottom of the thundercloud before the first pilot of origin by way of intermittent grading leap to the surface development, when 50 ~ 100m from the ground, by the lightning rod and other surface protrusions where the electric field distortion resulting vertical concentration of head-up pilot. Two-phase, into the Watch or shielding of the main discharge stage.
Usually the local surface protrusion height h, below the thundercloud electric field strength greater than and equal to the average 580h-0.7kV / m, then the protrusion will be vulnerable to direct lightning stroke. The reason is the lightning rod of height h can affect the Thundercloud single downward direction of the radius of the originating guide, using the formula expressed as: R = 16.3h0.61m. The formula also shows that the independent rod surface after installation, will be in the vicinity of a large number of scattered hit, and even HP Compaq NC6400 Battery lightning rod for Watch, by the lightning rod for the objects within the scope of protection shielding.
A lightning discharge is generally the main amps to tens of thousands of hundreds of thousands of amps. Instant heat and electric power, will result in concrete pole burst, small cross-section metal melting, causing fire and explosion, the metal conductor connection part of the fracture damage, collapsed buildings, electrical equipment damage.
Lightning counter-attack
Direct lightning stroke current through the resistance of the surface protrusion into the earth diffuser. If the ground resistance of 10Ω, a 30kA lightning current will make the ground potential rise to net 300kV. If the transmission line by lightning from a different substation grounding grid substation, then rising on the ground and power lines will form a great contrast to the potential, leading to transmission lines connected to the electrical equipment damage. Not only transmission lines, HP Pavilion dv1000 Battery power cables, metal pipes any introduction substation will cause lightning counter-attack.
Another lightning counter-attack, damage to the substation's electronic equipment can not be ignored. Lightning current along the substation grounding grid diffuser, on the branch points of the lightning current and potential vary widely. Connected to different potentials to the Internet and other electronic devices. If there have been electrical contact, then beyond its permitted capacity of the ground potential difference will result in equipment damage.
Lightning
Direct lightning stroke discharge of energy through electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction means to the surrounding radiation, leading to over-discharge device, for the lightning. Clearly, the lightning hazard is a large area, is the bane of electronic equipment.
Data calculations show that, when the HP EliteBook 6930P Battery lightning current is 30kA angle wave, Thundercloud height of 3 km, wire height of 10m, 500m hit from the end of the match midpoint 100m long overhead lines at the ground, the line width on the induced voltage of 150kV value of the oscillation. This wave is electromagnetic induction, and the result of electrostatic induction.
There calculations show that a part of the I-beam structure and the metal Faraday cage connected to 10 layers (60m × 30m × 100m, each high-10m) of the building, was -2.6/40us, 100kA lightning in the roof , the layers of floor 1m vertical height of the induced electric field amounted to several kV / m, with the lower floors tend to be uniform induced electric field strength, but no major strength of the overall attenuation.
In fact, in the production practice, several times the destructive power of lightning in the electrostatic induction electromagnetic induction. Electrostatic induction of the secondary effects of lightning can also be used to explain the theory. Charged thundercloud floating above the surface, surface to bring equal and opposite thundercloud charge. When lightning after lightning charge into the surface point relative hole, surrounded by high-charge region and the ground potential relative to the charge on the COMPAQ Presario CQ70 Battery insulated conductors, like the sudden firing of the waves by the same lightning toward the point of ignition lead equipment, insulation damaged and electronic equipment failure. Of particular note is the high-impedance input of electronic equipment circuits, signal circuits such as lead longer, and directly connected to the metal at a larger size, although for electromagnetic shielding (with shielded cable and the shield grounded at both ends) will continue to suffer bad luck.
Lightning invasion wave
Distant lightning, Watch, or by electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction method from high-voltage transmission lines, distribution lines, low-voltage power lines, communication lines, cable lines, metal pipes and other means of intrusion substation, due to the relatively long pipeline, and there is a distribution inductance and capacitance, the lightning spread has slowed, the transmission of such a phenomenon with the wave theory to explain the concept known as lightning. Lightning wave transmission line with different parameters of the connection or line endpoint, change in impedance will produce reflection, refraction, wave resistance mutations can result in HP EliteBook 8530P Battery voltage rise at many, and increased equipment damage.
Substation lightning protection measures and the lack of protection for electronic equipment
Lightning rod
Against direct lightning stroke to damage the substation and the general architecture with separate lightning rod lightning rod, some valley line substation lightning protection is used. The structures were divided into air-termination system, deflectors and grounding, lightning protection on the same principle.
In order to prevent the counter, requiring lightning protection device between the air and being a distance not less than 5m, to the distance of not less than 3m. General framework of a lightning rod for 110kV and above, and after the installation of grounding the main focus to network connections.
Independent of the scope of Canon EOS 5D Mark II Battery Grip protection lightning rod on the ground of 1.5h (pin high), high of more than half of the space needle scope of its protection can only be checked within 45 ° angle. Current international law on the popular theory of a ball lightning protection independent checking more realistic. Watch and law theory that the ball around the strike and the thunder cloud with power on, the smaller the energy the more easy to produce lightning shielding. Can be interpreted as the image with a radius with Thundercloud Thundercloud charge proportional to the pilot as the center of the ball, rolled on the ground to hit the lightning rod tip up. Point of contact with the ground ball to the tip of this arc, if you can not touch the protected object was to protect property in the protected area. Such as moderate-intensity Thundercloud (U0 = 50MV), leading the blitz by lightning distance formula rs = 1.63U01.75, can get the ball radius of 133m. Obtained in this case than the radius of the design procedures to protect the larger. Lightning protection by checking specifications, general use of 110kV substation medium-sized 3 5, 35kV Canon Battery Grip substation 1 to 4 of about 30m lightning rod, to cover all the protected areas.
Microwave tower is an independent lightning rod. For the inside of a microwave tower, microwave tower rules of order must be connected to network and communications room. Communications room and the main control room to network integration, network lightning current to discharge through the main control room. By the previous analysis, if the high voltage power distribution room, control room, communications room to protect, monitor, meter, RTU and other places connected to the network far away, and we have the power contacts, the electronic equipment inside the probability of being counter- more.
The annual number of lightning strikes the lightning rod, according to the empirical formula N = 0.015 · n · k (l 5h) (b 5h) 10-6 calculated. Where n is the number of annual thunderstorm days, K is the correction factor to take the metal structure 2. l, b, h, respectively, for the building length, width and height. According to the type in thunderstorm days for the 40-year area, 35kV outdoor substation terminal, bus architecture 5.5m high, the probability of Nikon D60 Battery Grip lightning strikes per year by 0.000454 times, plus a 30m high lightning rod, the 0.027 times each year will be subject to lightning. If a substation with 4 needles on each side separated by 50m, compared to 0.048 times the probability of lightning strikes / year.
Greatly increase the probability of lightning strikes the lightning rod, making the devices currently attached to a large number of update protection, monitoring, and communications integrated microelectronic devices from the experience greatly increased the chances of lightning damage, damage in many ways, so that the power production to bring it Nikon Battery Grip large losses.
Lightning hazards in several ways
Ray's Watch and shielding
Thundercloud IBM Thinkpad T41 battery single floating over the earth, dragging its electric charge opposite the charge of surface wind move like a shadow. If the surface via the substation lightning rod or other protrusion, the protrusion to the top of the charge will lead to distortion of the electric field concentration. Lightning started the bottom of the thundercloud before the first pilot of origin by way of intermittent grading leap to the surface development, when 50 ~ 100m from the ground, by the lightning rod and other surface protrusions where the electric field distortion resulting vertical concentration of head-up pilot. Two-phase, into the Watch or shielding of the main discharge stage.
Usually the local surface protrusion height h, below the thundercloud electric field strength greater than and equal to the average 580h-0.7kV / m, then the protrusion will be vulnerable to direct lightning stroke. The reason is the lightning rod of height h can affect the Thundercloud single downward direction of the radius of the originating guide, using the formula expressed as: R = 16.3h0.61m. The formula also shows that the independent rod surface after installation, will be in the vicinity of a large number of scattered hit, and even HP Compaq NC6400 Battery lightning rod for Watch, by the lightning rod for the objects within the scope of protection shielding.
A lightning discharge is generally the main amps to tens of thousands of hundreds of thousands of amps. Instant heat and electric power, will result in concrete pole burst, small cross-section metal melting, causing fire and explosion, the metal conductor connection part of the fracture damage, collapsed buildings, electrical equipment damage.
Lightning counter-attack
Direct lightning stroke current through the resistance of the surface protrusion into the earth diffuser. If the ground resistance of 10Ω, a 30kA lightning current will make the ground potential rise to net 300kV. If the transmission line by lightning from a different substation grounding grid substation, then rising on the ground and power lines will form a great contrast to the potential, leading to transmission lines connected to the electrical equipment damage. Not only transmission lines, HP Pavilion dv1000 Battery power cables, metal pipes any introduction substation will cause lightning counter-attack.
Another lightning counter-attack, damage to the substation's electronic equipment can not be ignored. Lightning current along the substation grounding grid diffuser, on the branch points of the lightning current and potential vary widely. Connected to different potentials to the Internet and other electronic devices. If there have been electrical contact, then beyond its permitted capacity of the ground potential difference will result in equipment damage.
Lightning
Direct lightning stroke discharge of energy through electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction means to the surrounding radiation, leading to over-discharge device, for the lightning. Clearly, the lightning hazard is a large area, is the bane of electronic equipment.
Data calculations show that, when the HP EliteBook 6930P Battery lightning current is 30kA angle wave, Thundercloud height of 3 km, wire height of 10m, 500m hit from the end of the match midpoint 100m long overhead lines at the ground, the line width on the induced voltage of 150kV value of the oscillation. This wave is electromagnetic induction, and the result of electrostatic induction.
There calculations show that a part of the I-beam structure and the metal Faraday cage connected to 10 layers (60m × 30m × 100m, each high-10m) of the building, was -2.6/40us, 100kA lightning in the roof , the layers of floor 1m vertical height of the induced electric field amounted to several kV / m, with the lower floors tend to be uniform induced electric field strength, but no major strength of the overall attenuation.
In fact, in the production practice, several times the destructive power of lightning in the electrostatic induction electromagnetic induction. Electrostatic induction of the secondary effects of lightning can also be used to explain the theory. Charged thundercloud floating above the surface, surface to bring equal and opposite thundercloud charge. When lightning after lightning charge into the surface point relative hole, surrounded by high-charge region and the ground potential relative to the charge on the COMPAQ Presario CQ70 Battery insulated conductors, like the sudden firing of the waves by the same lightning toward the point of ignition lead equipment, insulation damaged and electronic equipment failure. Of particular note is the high-impedance input of electronic equipment circuits, signal circuits such as lead longer, and directly connected to the metal at a larger size, although for electromagnetic shielding (with shielded cable and the shield grounded at both ends) will continue to suffer bad luck.
Lightning invasion wave
Distant lightning, Watch, or by electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction method from high-voltage transmission lines, distribution lines, low-voltage power lines, communication lines, cable lines, metal pipes and other means of intrusion substation, due to the relatively long pipeline, and there is a distribution inductance and capacitance, the lightning spread has slowed, the transmission of such a phenomenon with the wave theory to explain the concept known as lightning. Lightning wave transmission line with different parameters of the connection or line endpoint, change in impedance will produce reflection, refraction, wave resistance mutations can result in HP EliteBook 8530P Battery voltage rise at many, and increased equipment damage.
Substation lightning protection measures and the lack of protection for electronic equipment
Lightning rod
Against direct lightning stroke to damage the substation and the general architecture with separate lightning rod lightning rod, some valley line substation lightning protection is used. The structures were divided into air-termination system, deflectors and grounding, lightning protection on the same principle.
In order to prevent the counter, requiring lightning protection device between the air and being a distance not less than 5m, to the distance of not less than 3m. General framework of a lightning rod for 110kV and above, and after the installation of grounding the main focus to network connections.
Independent of the scope of Canon EOS 5D Mark II Battery Grip protection lightning rod on the ground of 1.5h (pin high), high of more than half of the space needle scope of its protection can only be checked within 45 ° angle. Current international law on the popular theory of a ball lightning protection independent checking more realistic. Watch and law theory that the ball around the strike and the thunder cloud with power on, the smaller the energy the more easy to produce lightning shielding. Can be interpreted as the image with a radius with Thundercloud Thundercloud charge proportional to the pilot as the center of the ball, rolled on the ground to hit the lightning rod tip up. Point of contact with the ground ball to the tip of this arc, if you can not touch the protected object was to protect property in the protected area. Such as moderate-intensity Thundercloud (U0 = 50MV), leading the blitz by lightning distance formula rs = 1.63U01.75, can get the ball radius of 133m. Obtained in this case than the radius of the design procedures to protect the larger. Lightning protection by checking specifications, general use of 110kV substation medium-sized 3 5, 35kV Canon Battery Grip substation 1 to 4 of about 30m lightning rod, to cover all the protected areas.
Microwave tower is an independent lightning rod. For the inside of a microwave tower, microwave tower rules of order must be connected to network and communications room. Communications room and the main control room to network integration, network lightning current to discharge through the main control room. By the previous analysis, if the high voltage power distribution room, control room, communications room to protect, monitor, meter, RTU and other places connected to the network far away, and we have the power contacts, the electronic equipment inside the probability of being counter- more.
The annual number of lightning strikes the lightning rod, according to the empirical formula N = 0.015 · n · k (l 5h) (b 5h) 10-6 calculated. Where n is the number of annual thunderstorm days, K is the correction factor to take the metal structure 2. l, b, h, respectively, for the building length, width and height. According to the type in thunderstorm days for the 40-year area, 35kV outdoor substation terminal, bus architecture 5.5m high, the probability of Nikon D60 Battery Grip lightning strikes per year by 0.000454 times, plus a 30m high lightning rod, the 0.027 times each year will be subject to lightning. If a substation with 4 needles on each side separated by 50m, compared to 0.048 times the probability of lightning strikes / year.
Greatly increase the probability of lightning strikes the lightning rod, making the devices currently attached to a large number of update protection, monitoring, and communications integrated microelectronic devices from the experience greatly increased the chances of lightning damage, damage in many ways, so that the power production to bring it Nikon Battery Grip large losses.
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Polymer lithium secondary battery of the present and future
Advancement of technology, cell phones, notebook computers and other electronic information products has become an indispensable part of life. In the new generation of information on the design of electronic products are currently facing "light, thin, short, small" trend, so the power supply is a pressing problem. Therefore, the function of small secondary NIKON EN-EL10 Battery has been decided with the characteristics of a new generation of wireless communications and notebook computers, portable electronics market, a key factor of competitive advantage.
Currently on the market used mainly nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) two, and with the generation of portable electronic products more widely, increasing market demand more, these cells also increases the demand. The lithium CANON LP-E10 battery secondary battery, for example, the global market in 1997, total sales reached NT $ 50 billion, and the continued rapid growth in.
Seeing the majority of the market, the major battery companies in this market segment in order to gain a leading position, it is committed to developing higher energy density, can be small and thin, lightweight, high security and low-cost, next-generation New secondary battery system. In many of the new batteries, rechargeable lithium polymer (Li-polymer) battery as with the above-mentioned advantages, it is strongly developed by various manufacturers target.
The main structure of the battery generally includes a cathode, anode and isolation paper three elements. The so-called polymer lithium secondary Sony VGP-BPS9/S Battery is that the three main structures in the medium to have a one or more polymer materials used as the main battery system. In the current development of polymer lithium secondary battery systems, polymer materials are used in the cathode and electrolyte values. Cathode materials include conductive polymers, organic sulfur compounds, or lithium ion secondary battery is generally used in inorganic compounds. You can use the solid electrolyte or gel-state polymer electrolyte, or organic electrolyte; cathode is usually carbon-lithium metal or lithium intercalation compounds.
If you take lithium polymer secondary IBM THINKPAD A31 Battery with lithium-ion secondary market now point the pool to do more, you can find both in polymer lithium secondary battery shape, charge and discharge, reliability and environmental issues so that there is considerable development. In shape, the polymer can lithium secondary battery with thin, then it can be any size and any shape of a number of other advantages, it can meet the demand, made of any shape and capacity of the battery. In the charge-discharge characteristics, the polymer lithium-polymer secondary battery can be used as cathode material and lithium metal anode, its weight will be lower than the current energy density of lithium ion secondary battery to 50% or more. In the trust property is concerned, because the polymer electrolyte lithium secondary battery using polymer materials, no leakage and combustion safety concerns about explosions.
As the polymer lithium Mini 9 battery secondary batteries have many advantages, many companies have now launched the commercialization of polymer lithium secondary batteries, including Japan's Hitachi Maxell, Yuasa, Toshiba, United States, Ultralife, Moltech and Canada Electrofuel other companies, but the emphasis is in its ultra-thin features. In general, the thickness of polymer lithium secondary battery is about 2 ~ 4mm, and the current lithium-ion secondary battery is a minimum thickness of 6mm, can be reduced by at least 50% of the thickness, thus providing manufacturers design products a large flexible space.
Polymer lithium secondary battery of the future technology outlook, Japan's Hitachi Maxell Division of Plant Industry, Mr. Gu Qingxiong held in August 1998 the 8th back to the Fine Process Technology Conference to propose the following:
1 battery of large and thick-
Polymer lithium secondary dell xps m1730 battery can be used tortuous, winding stack or other methods to improve the capacity of the battery. Polymer lithium secondary battery can now reach a minimum thickness of about 0.5mm, to A5 size (150x200), for example, if the increased thickness of 4mm, the battery capacity can reach 2.5 ~ 3Ah the practical level. Polymer lithium secondary batteries because of the small size, the length and width of the battery can with the need to change, so engineers can actually available with the product space to design the battery, and get the required power characteristics.
2.Biploar battery
Sony notebook battery electrodes can be used side by side the way to increase the battery voltage, but the currently available liquid electrolyte batteries, because the problems it will cause short circuit is completely impossible. But for polymer lithium secondary batteries, because it is a solid electrolyte system, so you can use this way to reduce Toshiba notebook battery size and container costs. If you can use this technique and previously mentioned large-scale, thick-oriented co-operation.
Currently on the market used mainly nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) two, and with the generation of portable electronic products more widely, increasing market demand more, these cells also increases the demand. The lithium CANON LP-E10 battery secondary battery, for example, the global market in 1997, total sales reached NT $ 50 billion, and the continued rapid growth in.
Seeing the majority of the market, the major battery companies in this market segment in order to gain a leading position, it is committed to developing higher energy density, can be small and thin, lightweight, high security and low-cost, next-generation New secondary battery system. In many of the new batteries, rechargeable lithium polymer (Li-polymer) battery as with the above-mentioned advantages, it is strongly developed by various manufacturers target.
The main structure of the battery generally includes a cathode, anode and isolation paper three elements. The so-called polymer lithium secondary Sony VGP-BPS9/S Battery is that the three main structures in the medium to have a one or more polymer materials used as the main battery system. In the current development of polymer lithium secondary battery systems, polymer materials are used in the cathode and electrolyte values. Cathode materials include conductive polymers, organic sulfur compounds, or lithium ion secondary battery is generally used in inorganic compounds. You can use the solid electrolyte or gel-state polymer electrolyte, or organic electrolyte; cathode is usually carbon-lithium metal or lithium intercalation compounds.
If you take lithium polymer secondary IBM THINKPAD A31 Battery with lithium-ion secondary market now point the pool to do more, you can find both in polymer lithium secondary battery shape, charge and discharge, reliability and environmental issues so that there is considerable development. In shape, the polymer can lithium secondary battery with thin, then it can be any size and any shape of a number of other advantages, it can meet the demand, made of any shape and capacity of the battery. In the charge-discharge characteristics, the polymer lithium-polymer secondary battery can be used as cathode material and lithium metal anode, its weight will be lower than the current energy density of lithium ion secondary battery to 50% or more. In the trust property is concerned, because the polymer electrolyte lithium secondary battery using polymer materials, no leakage and combustion safety concerns about explosions.
As the polymer lithium Mini 9 battery secondary batteries have many advantages, many companies have now launched the commercialization of polymer lithium secondary batteries, including Japan's Hitachi Maxell, Yuasa, Toshiba, United States, Ultralife, Moltech and Canada Electrofuel other companies, but the emphasis is in its ultra-thin features. In general, the thickness of polymer lithium secondary battery is about 2 ~ 4mm, and the current lithium-ion secondary battery is a minimum thickness of 6mm, can be reduced by at least 50% of the thickness, thus providing manufacturers design products a large flexible space.
Polymer lithium secondary battery of the future technology outlook, Japan's Hitachi Maxell Division of Plant Industry, Mr. Gu Qingxiong held in August 1998 the 8th back to the Fine Process Technology Conference to propose the following:
1 battery of large and thick-
Polymer lithium secondary dell xps m1730 battery can be used tortuous, winding stack or other methods to improve the capacity of the battery. Polymer lithium secondary battery can now reach a minimum thickness of about 0.5mm, to A5 size (150x200), for example, if the increased thickness of 4mm, the battery capacity can reach 2.5 ~ 3Ah the practical level. Polymer lithium secondary batteries because of the small size, the length and width of the battery can with the need to change, so engineers can actually available with the product space to design the battery, and get the required power characteristics.
2.Biploar battery
Sony notebook battery electrodes can be used side by side the way to increase the battery voltage, but the currently available liquid electrolyte batteries, because the problems it will cause short circuit is completely impossible. But for polymer lithium secondary batteries, because it is a solid electrolyte system, so you can use this way to reduce Toshiba notebook battery size and container costs. If you can use this technique and previously mentioned large-scale, thick-oriented co-operation.
Monday, September 26, 2011
Knowledge of mobile phone battery
Mobile phone battery manufacturing materials to points of its three major categories: nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion battery. One nickel-cadmium batteries are the first generation of mobile phone battery, it relatively low capacity, memory effect, requires frequent discharge to maintain capacity, and manufacturing materials there is no pollution, the current battery has been basically eliminated. Second-generation high-capacity Ni-MH battery, no Battery for HP Pavilion zd8000 memory effect, making very little material on the environment pollution, people used to call it environmentally friendly batteries. The current development trend of mobile phone battery is a lithium-ion battery, the advantages are:
(1) no memory effect, no discharge, use a long time.
(2) high voltage. Usually single-cell Li-Ion battery voltage of 3.6V, Ni-MH, Ni-Cd battery voltage of 1.2V, a difference of 3 times.
(3) small size, light weight, high energy. Lithium-ion Battery for HP Pavilion dv9700 energy up to nickel-cadmium batteries for more than 2 times. With the same capacity nickel metal hydride battery, the volume can be reduced by 30%, the weight can be reduced by 50%.
(4) long life. High-quality lithium-ion battery life of up to 1200 times, much higher than other types of batteries.
(5) safe and fast charging. Lithium-ion battery technology for the use of special processing, thus allowing fast within 2 hours fully charged, and greatly improved safety performance.
(6) Wide operating temperature range. Lithium-ion battery can work between -20 ℃ -60 ℃. High-temperature discharge performance is superior to other types of batteries.
So how to identify true and false lithium it? Conditions in the non-professional, you can use the following method: an equal volume of batteries, lithium Battery for HP Pavilion DV1000 than the nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries to light touch; with lithium battery charger to recharge the battery, the battery charging process if the heat is nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries, if the temperature is no big change, it is the lithium battery; the battery positive and negative "moment" after short use, such as the battery is "dead" is a lithium battery, if still "have power" is the nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries.
In the use of lithium batteries should be noted that after a period of time the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, the use of time has also come to shorten. After 3-5 times a rechargeable battery can be activated to restore normal capacity.
When the battery is inadvertently short-circuited, the internal lithium battery protection circuit will cut off the power supply circuit to ensure the safety of users, to remove the Battery for Dell Latitude D630 re-charge can be restored.
Buy lithium battery, you should choose a service, international, national identity, brand batteries, such batteries using high quality raw materials, with perfect protection circuit, shell beautiful, wearable, with security chip, and with the mobile phone with a good, up to Good communication results.
Business online:
Battery for Dell Vostro 1310 from sales-battery.com
Battery for Dell Latitude E6500 from sales-battery.com.
(1) no memory effect, no discharge, use a long time.
(2) high voltage. Usually single-cell Li-Ion battery voltage of 3.6V, Ni-MH, Ni-Cd battery voltage of 1.2V, a difference of 3 times.
(3) small size, light weight, high energy. Lithium-ion Battery for HP Pavilion dv9700 energy up to nickel-cadmium batteries for more than 2 times. With the same capacity nickel metal hydride battery, the volume can be reduced by 30%, the weight can be reduced by 50%.
(4) long life. High-quality lithium-ion battery life of up to 1200 times, much higher than other types of batteries.
(5) safe and fast charging. Lithium-ion battery technology for the use of special processing, thus allowing fast within 2 hours fully charged, and greatly improved safety performance.
(6) Wide operating temperature range. Lithium-ion battery can work between -20 ℃ -60 ℃. High-temperature discharge performance is superior to other types of batteries.
So how to identify true and false lithium it? Conditions in the non-professional, you can use the following method: an equal volume of batteries, lithium Battery for HP Pavilion DV1000 than the nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries to light touch; with lithium battery charger to recharge the battery, the battery charging process if the heat is nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries, if the temperature is no big change, it is the lithium battery; the battery positive and negative "moment" after short use, such as the battery is "dead" is a lithium battery, if still "have power" is the nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium batteries.
In the use of lithium batteries should be noted that after a period of time the battery is placed into hibernation, lower than normal capacity at this time, the use of time has also come to shorten. After 3-5 times a rechargeable battery can be activated to restore normal capacity.
When the battery is inadvertently short-circuited, the internal lithium battery protection circuit will cut off the power supply circuit to ensure the safety of users, to remove the Battery for Dell Latitude D630 re-charge can be restored.
Buy lithium battery, you should choose a service, international, national identity, brand batteries, such batteries using high quality raw materials, with perfect protection circuit, shell beautiful, wearable, with security chip, and with the mobile phone with a good, up to Good communication results.
Business online:
Battery for Dell Vostro 1310 from sales-battery.com
Battery for Dell Latitude E6500 from sales-battery.com.
Saturday, September 3, 2011
How to Choose the Best Battery Charger, Battery Charging Tips
Advice on selecting and using a battery charger for best performance and longest life, offered by Interstate Batteries, with a focus on RV/Marine deep-cycle batteries.
"Utilizing the correct Dell Inspiron 1720 battery charger and following proper charging methods is one of the primary keys to enhancing battery service life and performance," according to Interstate Battery Systems International Inc. which manufactures RV batteries, among many others.
An RV manufacturer will supposedly have selected a generator and shore power converter that will properly maintain the battery system, so this article may be of greatest interest to those RVers who must remove the batteries and maintain them during winter storage.
Interstate offers the following tips for choosing and using a Dell Inspiron 1545 battery charger for deep-cycle Marine/RV batteries.
How to Choose the Best Battery Charger
"Although almost any type of charger will recharge a Marine/RV deep-cycle to some degree," notes Interstate, "short-term performance and long-term service life are directly proportional to proper recharging." This requires a charger specifically designed or set to match the voltage and current of the battery or battery pack. Modern "intelligent" chargers have settings for various types of batteries (flooded or liquid electrolyte, Marine/RV, deep cycle, automotive, maintenance-free or AGM) and will reduce or taper the current (amperage) while regulating or monitoring the voltage.
It is important that the charger
Matches, or can be set to match, the Dell inspiron 1525 battery voltage (6V, 12V, 24V, 36V)
Provides correct charging amperage (Interstate recommends a maximum of 20A for each 100Ah of the battery rating)
Have sufficient capacity to fully recharge the battery within eight to twelve hours
For best results,
Select a charger that monitors and maintains the charge level
Choose a maintenance-free charger with shut-off capability that either
Shuts off after a specified time (timed charge)
Shuts off when the Dell Inspiron 1521 Battery reaches a full charge (voltage monitor).
A "trickle charger" (an inexpensive, low-current charger running at between one and four amps), will
"lack the sophisticated electronic…circuitry to properly regulate current…or voltage"
result in an extended charge time due to the low charge rate.
If such a charger must be used, Interstate recommends that the battery be monitored periodically for voltage level and temperature and charging stopped if the battery reaches 12.75V or becomes warm to the touch.
How to Charge a Deep-Cycle RV Battery
For longest battery life and best Dell Inspiron 1501 battery performance, Interstate offers these tips
"Do not delay charging batteries after use. Recharge as soon as possible after one day’s use. Allowing the battery to sit discharged for several days may hamper its recharge acceptance and ultimately its performance."
For best results, a Marine/RV deep-cycle battery should be charged at a slow current rate of 10A to 20A per 100 Ah of battery capacity.
Always monitor a battery during charge, whether it is on an automatic or manual setting.
Never allow a battery to become overheated. If the outside casing becomes hot to the touch, immediately disconnect the charger and allow the battery to cool down.
If the charger unit is an on-board charger unit (i.e., alternator, generator, converter), validate its compatibility and proper operation before or immediately after installation of a new Dell Inspiron 1420 battery.
RV coach batteries charged by the alternator or for a trailer breakaway battery charged with the motor starter battery will be examples of this last point. There may be intermediate electronics governing charge voltage and rate. Generally speaking, replacing a battery with a new one of similar characteristics should cause no problems.
Testing RV Battery Charging
A properly charged12V battery will have a hydrometer (specific gravity) reading of of about 1.260 to 1.275 or a voltage reading of 12.66V to 12.75V. Immediately after charging, a battery's voltage reading may reflect a "surface charge" rather than the true charge. To clear this, apply a small load (10 or 15A, such as a few lights) for two or three minutes, then allow the HP EliteBook 8730W battery to rest for one minute. The subsequent voltage test will give a better measure of the true state of charge.
To check compatibility between batteries and charging system, check and/or test the battery or batteries every two or three weeks
If batteries require additional water the charger may be overheating and/or overcharging them
If batteries are not meeting the performance expected, the charger may be undercharging them.
If the batteries are low-maintenance, test with a multimeter as above
Conclusion: HP PAVILION DV1000 Battery Charging Conditions to Avoid
Proper charging with a charger designed or set for the specific battery is essential to 6910p Battery performance and service life. Any of the following is to be avoided:
Excessively fast charging,
Overcharging,
Excessive time between use and recharging
A consistent low state of charge
The charging conditions listed above will reduce the performance and service life of the battery.
"Utilizing the correct Dell Inspiron 1720 battery charger and following proper charging methods is one of the primary keys to enhancing battery service life and performance," according to Interstate Battery Systems International Inc. which manufactures RV batteries, among many others.
An RV manufacturer will supposedly have selected a generator and shore power converter that will properly maintain the battery system, so this article may be of greatest interest to those RVers who must remove the batteries and maintain them during winter storage.
Interstate offers the following tips for choosing and using a Dell Inspiron 1545 battery charger for deep-cycle Marine/RV batteries.
How to Choose the Best Battery Charger
"Although almost any type of charger will recharge a Marine/RV deep-cycle to some degree," notes Interstate, "short-term performance and long-term service life are directly proportional to proper recharging." This requires a charger specifically designed or set to match the voltage and current of the battery or battery pack. Modern "intelligent" chargers have settings for various types of batteries (flooded or liquid electrolyte, Marine/RV, deep cycle, automotive, maintenance-free or AGM) and will reduce or taper the current (amperage) while regulating or monitoring the voltage.
It is important that the charger
Matches, or can be set to match, the Dell inspiron 1525 battery voltage (6V, 12V, 24V, 36V)
Provides correct charging amperage (Interstate recommends a maximum of 20A for each 100Ah of the battery rating)
Have sufficient capacity to fully recharge the battery within eight to twelve hours
For best results,
Select a charger that monitors and maintains the charge level
Choose a maintenance-free charger with shut-off capability that either
Shuts off after a specified time (timed charge)
Shuts off when the Dell Inspiron 1521 Battery reaches a full charge (voltage monitor).
A "trickle charger" (an inexpensive, low-current charger running at between one and four amps), will
"lack the sophisticated electronic…circuitry to properly regulate current…or voltage"
result in an extended charge time due to the low charge rate.
If such a charger must be used, Interstate recommends that the battery be monitored periodically for voltage level and temperature and charging stopped if the battery reaches 12.75V or becomes warm to the touch.
How to Charge a Deep-Cycle RV Battery
For longest battery life and best Dell Inspiron 1501 battery performance, Interstate offers these tips
"Do not delay charging batteries after use. Recharge as soon as possible after one day’s use. Allowing the battery to sit discharged for several days may hamper its recharge acceptance and ultimately its performance."
For best results, a Marine/RV deep-cycle battery should be charged at a slow current rate of 10A to 20A per 100 Ah of battery capacity.
Always monitor a battery during charge, whether it is on an automatic or manual setting.
Never allow a battery to become overheated. If the outside casing becomes hot to the touch, immediately disconnect the charger and allow the battery to cool down.
If the charger unit is an on-board charger unit (i.e., alternator, generator, converter), validate its compatibility and proper operation before or immediately after installation of a new Dell Inspiron 1420 battery.
RV coach batteries charged by the alternator or for a trailer breakaway battery charged with the motor starter battery will be examples of this last point. There may be intermediate electronics governing charge voltage and rate. Generally speaking, replacing a battery with a new one of similar characteristics should cause no problems.
Testing RV Battery Charging
A properly charged12V battery will have a hydrometer (specific gravity) reading of of about 1.260 to 1.275 or a voltage reading of 12.66V to 12.75V. Immediately after charging, a battery's voltage reading may reflect a "surface charge" rather than the true charge. To clear this, apply a small load (10 or 15A, such as a few lights) for two or three minutes, then allow the HP EliteBook 8730W battery to rest for one minute. The subsequent voltage test will give a better measure of the true state of charge.
To check compatibility between batteries and charging system, check and/or test the battery or batteries every two or three weeks
If batteries require additional water the charger may be overheating and/or overcharging them
If batteries are not meeting the performance expected, the charger may be undercharging them.
If the batteries are low-maintenance, test with a multimeter as above
Conclusion: HP PAVILION DV1000 Battery Charging Conditions to Avoid
Proper charging with a charger designed or set for the specific battery is essential to 6910p Battery performance and service life. Any of the following is to be avoided:
Excessively fast charging,
Overcharging,
Excessive time between use and recharging
A consistent low state of charge
The charging conditions listed above will reduce the performance and service life of the battery.
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